A biopsy involves removing a tissue sample for pathological examination to determine if it contains cancer cells. This is the gold standard for cancer diagnosis.
These include X-rays, CT scans (computed tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), and PET scans (positron emission tomography). These tests help doctors visualize the structure and function of organs and tissues inside the body, as well as detect abnormal tissue growths.
These include blood tests, urine tests, and cytology exams. Blood tests can detect cancer cells or markers, urine tests can check for cancer cells in urine, and cytology exams involve microscopic examination of cells from body fluids or tissue samples.
Endoscopic exams involve using instruments like esophagoscopes, gastroscopes, and colonoscopes to directly view the digestive tract or other internal organs. These exams allow for direct visualization of organ surfaces and can include biopsies if necessary.
Certain proteins or chemicals may be present in abnormal amounts in the blood of cancer patients. These tumor markers can be measured through blood tests. However, it is important to note that elevated tumor markers do not always indicate cancer, as they can be caused by other diseases or factors.
Some cancers are linked to genetic mutations. Genetic testing can help determine if an individual carries gene mutations that increase the risk of cancer.