The risk factors for atrial fibrillation (AF) can be categorized into three types. Modifiable factors and cardiovascular diseases can both be managed through medical or lifestyle interventions to minimize the risk. The lifetime risk of AF depends on age, genetics, and (sub)clinical factors.
1. Control weight. Overweight/obesity can lead to hypertension, sleep apnea, and other conditions, all of which increase the risk of AF.
2. Avoid high-fat diets. High-fat diets can lead to atherosclerosis, increasing the risk of AF.
3. Avoid excessive alcohol consumption. Excessive drinking is a risk factor for AF and is also a risk factor for hypertension and stroke.
4. Avoid stimulants. Excessive intake of caffeine and “energy” drinks may trigger AF.
5. Manage other related risk factors, such as hypertension and diabetes.
The treatment goals for AF are to control heart rate, restore sinus rhythm, and prevent thromboembolism and stroke. Some patients with AF can even alleviate symptoms by quitting smoking and drinking, controlling weight, and maintaining a regular routine. Other treatment methods include medication and surgery. If medication is ineffective, eligible patients may undergo minimally invasive catheter ablation for AF; in some cases, cardiac surgery may be necessary. Early detection, diagnosis, and timely treatment can effectively reduce the harm caused by AF.